Although organisms seem a natural choice, Collins et al. (1971) have found the nasal passageway to be a useful system for study of nasal vapor recovery. Two ideas need to be recalled about the First Law of Thermodynamics (Zemansky and Van Ness 1966, Stevenson 1979a): first, that the heat energy budget is based on the conservation principle of the First Law, and second, that this law can be applied to any system of arbitrary boundaries. An understanding of these processes and their interactions will provide a clearer ecological interpretation of the thermal energy environment. The purpose of this module is to further elucidate the physics of the heat transfer processes: radiation, evaporation, conduction, and convection. This module presents a thorough introduction to heat transfer processes and assumes the reader has a background in calculus and first-year physics. The way in which an organism exchanges heat with its environment explains several characteristics of its behavior and its preferred habitat. Ecological examples are used throughout the text and problem set. These include heat flow in soil, a leaf, and a lizard. Three systems are used to illustrate heat transfer principles and their biological importance. Four examples taken from the ecological literature are used to emphasize the biological effects of temperature and energy budgets. Radiation transfer is described in a separate module. Emphasis is placed on conduction, convection, and evaporation, three of the physical processes that affect the physiological, behavioral, and ecological activities of all organisms. This module describes heat transfer processes involved in the exchange of heat between an organism and its environment. 16.6 Mapping the heat limit of the Desert Iguana.16.5 Mapping the cold limits of the Desert Iguana.16.4 Mapping the climate space of the Desert Iguana in North America.16.3 Getting the climate space available in Australia.14.5.3 Boundary Layers and Non-dimensional Numbers: A Bulk Approach.14.4.1 Viscosity and Laminar Shear Flows.13.5.3 Comparison of Theory with Experiment.13.5.2 Properties of the Harmonic Solution.13.5 USE OF THE HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION.13.4.3 Heat Conduction (Diffusion) Equation.13.4.2 Heat Storage and Energy Conservation.13.4.1 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction.13.3 GOVERNING FACTORS IN SOIL HEAT FLOW.12.7 HEAT GAINED BY ABSORPTION OF RADIATION.12.4 HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION WITHIN THE ANIMAL.11.7.2 Sample Plots of Transpiration and Leaf Temperature.11.7.1 Calculations of Leaf Temperatures and Transpiration.11.5 INFLUENCE OF ENERGY COMPONENTS ON LEAF TEMPERATURE.11.4.2 Values of the Environmental Variables.10.4.2 Laboratory and Field Applicatons of the Operative Environmental Temperatures.10.4.1 Mathematical Development of the Operative Environmental Temperature.10.4 THE OPERATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE.10.3.2 Thermoregulation and the Ecogeographical Rules.9.5 EXTENSIONS OF THE CLIMATE SPACE IDEA.9.4.4 Plotting the climate space of the Zebra Finch.9.4.3 Plotting the climate space of the Desert Iguana.9.4.2 Plotting climate space boundaries for a cylinder with varing solar absorptivity. 9.4.1 Defining a function for computing the bounding air temperature/radiation combinations.9.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTRAINTS OF THE ORGANISM.9.3 THE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT: BASIS FOR THE CLIMATE SPACE.6.7.1 General Texts and Papers on Energy Budgets.6.3.3 The First Law Generalized to Include Mass Flow.6.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.4.5.4 Gravitational and Electrostatic Potential Energy.4.4.2 Other Force “Laws”–Friction, Intermolecular Forces, Hooke’s Law.4 Foundations of Physical Theory I: Force and Energy.3.4.2 INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES.3.4.1 THE DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON DEFINITIONAL AND EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS.3.3.6 AUXILIARY PREFIXES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM TO INDICATE DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES.3.3.3 SUPPLEMENTARY MECHANICAL UNITS (cgs and English systems).2.4.2 Critical Points in Three Dimensions.1.12 SOLUTION TO THE ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS.1.6.1 Accumulation of Changes in the Function.
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